Windows IIS, MariaDB and HeidiSQL do not work without TLS 1.0/1.1

I'm using Windows 11 Pro with IIS 10.0, MariaDB 11.6 (64-bit) and HeidiSQL 12.8.0.6908 (32-bit). After disabling TLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1 SSL connections in the registry, I get the following error:

"Socket error 10054, connection rejected by peer."

This error occurs when I try to retrieve or save data using PHP (file "LicenseCheck.php"). Oddly enough, a WordPress website works perfectly fine on the same system.

How can I fix this error?