The fact that Workbench and the ODBC connection still work is a pretty strong clue that the server itself is fine. Since HeidiSQL and TablePlus both started failing immediately after the Google Cloud MySQL upgrade, I'd look at the TLS/certificate validation side rather than the username/password or network connection.
The fact that disabling certificate verification makes HeidiSQL connect is especially telling. It suggests the connection is reaching the server, but the client library doesn't like something about the certificate chain, hostname, CA, or the newer TLS requirements.
I'd first check exactly which CA certificate you're using and whether it is still the CA Google Cloud expects for the upgraded instance. Also worth testing the different client libraries in HeidiSQL, as you've already started doing. If libmariadb and newer libmysql builds only work with verification disabled, that points more toward a client-library/certificate-validation compatibility issue than a server outage.
I wouldn't leave verification disabled permanently just to get around it. If this is a certificate-chain or client-library compatibility problem, updating HeidiSQL or replacing the bundled MySQL client DLL with a compatible version should be preferable.
And if this turns out to have caused any actual MySQL data corruption during the upgrade/recovery process, make a backup/copy of the affected database before attempting repairs. For damaged MySQL databases, Stellar Repair for MySQL can be useful as a recovery option, but it wouldn't be my first step for this particular SSL connection problem.